Marine Protected Areas (MPA)
Context:
The Union Government recently clarified in the Lok Sabha that offshore blocks auctioned for mining were carved out after excluding regions known to be Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).
This clarification came in response to protests from fisherman communities and environmentalists in Kerala regarding the proposed auction of mineral blocks off the coast
Legal Framework for MPAs in India:
India's legal framework for marine protection is spread across multiple legislations:
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972:
This is the primary legislation for notifying MPAs.
It allows for the declaration of Sanctuaries and National Parks in marine areas to protect marine flora and fauna.
Currently, 130 Marine Protected Areas have been notified across coastal States and islands under this Act.
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986:
Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 2019:
The notification regulates activities in coastal stretches to conserve fragile ecosystems.
It identifies 106 sites as Important Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Areas (ICMBAs) for prioritization.
Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZ):
These can be notified around MPAs to create a buffer zone where industrial activities are regulated.
Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act, 2002 & 2024 Rules:
Offshore Areas Mineral Conservation and Development Rules, 2024:
These rules mandate that no production operations can be undertaken without a production plan that includes an environmental management plan, impact assessment, and mitigation measures.
Offshore Areas Mineral Trust:
These are established with coastal States as members
This trust funds research and mitigation of adverse ecological impacts caused by offshore operations.
Biodiversity Act, 2002:
It allows for the declaration of Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS) in marine ecosystems to ensure conservation and sustainable use of biological resources.