Astronomy Behind Makar Sankranti
Context:
The President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu sends greetings to fellow citizens on the eve of Lohri, Makar Sankranti, Pongal and Magh Bihu (which fall on January 13th and 14th respectively).
Makar Sankranti marks a significant astronomical event celebrating the Sun's transition into the zodiac sign of Capricorn (Makara).
Unlike many other Indian festivals determined by the lunar cycle, Makar Sankranti follows the solar calendar, typically falling on January 14th or 15th.
Key Astronomical Concepts:
From the perspective of Earth (relative motion), the Sun appears to travel through 12 zodiac signs.
Mesha (Aries) à Vrishabha à Mithuna à Karkataka à Simha à Kanya à Tula à Vrischika à Dhanur à Makara à Kumbha (Aquarius) à Meena.
Makar Sankranti marks the specific transition of the Sun from Sagittarius (Dhanur) to Capricorn (Makara).
Uttarayana:
Makara Sankranti marks the Sun’s northward journey (Uttarayana), symbolizing longer days, increased sunlight, and the start of the harvest season.
This day marks the beginning of Uttarayana, the Sun's six-month journey towards the Northern Hemisphere.
The phenomenon is caused by the Earth’s axial tilt of 23.5 degrees.
As the Northern Hemisphere begins to tilt towards the Sun, it receives more direct sunlight, signalling the end of winter and the start of longer days.
Significance:
Uttarayana is traditionally viewed as a period of "positive energy" and growth, while the preceding Dakshinayana is considered a time for preparation and hard work.
The day before Sankranti, known as Bhogi, involves burning old items, symbolizing the removal of the past before the new solar cycle begins.
Note: Astronomically, the Maha Kumbh Mela occurs when the Sun is in Capricorn, the Moon is in Aries, and Jupiter is in Aquarius.